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| |
N event/N total
|
N event/N total
|
HR
|
Weight
|
|---|
|
(anaemia)d
|
(no anaemia)e
|
(95% CI)
|
%
|
|---|
|
Iron Deficiency
|
|
Leiden 85-plus Study
|
6/98
|
11/262
|
1.48 (0.64 to 3.40)
|
30.8
|
|
Newcastle 85+ study
|
13/109
|
12/309
|
2.41 (1.35 to 4.32)
|
47.6
|
|
TOOTH
|
4/33
|
9/64
|
0.88 (0.30 to 2.53)
|
21.6
|
|
Total (I2 = 32%)
| | |
1.67 (0.96 to 2.90)
|
100.0
|
|
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
|
|
Leiden 85-plus Study
|
16/98
|
37/262
|
1.03 (0.59 to 1.79)
|
40.6
|
|
Newcastle 85+ study
|
25/109
|
49/309
|
1.35 (0.85 to 2.13)
|
59.4
|
|
TOOTH
|
0/28
|
1/54
|
f
|
0
|
|
Total (I2 = 0%)
| | |
1.21 (0.85 to 1.72)
|
100.0
|
|
Folate Deficiency
|
|
Leiden 85-plus Study
|
10/98
|
9/262
|
2.84 (1.45 to 5.54)
|
51.2
|
|
Newcastle 85+ study
|
2/109
|
12/309
|
0.56 (0.14 to 2.30)
|
31.9
|
|
TOOTH
|
1/28
|
1/54
|
1.20 (0.11 to 12.91)
|
17.0
|
|
Total (I2 = 54%)
| | |
1.46 (0.46 to 4.60)
|
100.0
|
|
Low eGFR
|
|
Leiden 85-plus Study
|
14/98
|
40/263
|
1.09 (0.61 to 1.94)
|
36.3
|
|
Newcastle 85+ study
|
41/109
|
64/309
|
1.97 (1.32 to 2.94)
|
52.7
|
|
TOOTH
|
3/33
|
0/64
|
2.41 (0.68 to 8.52)
|
11.0
|
|
Total (I2 = 35%)
| | |
1.62 (1.04 to 2.54)
|
100.0
|
|
High CRP
|
|
Leiden 85-plus Study
|
33/98
|
64/263
|
1.55 (1.00 to 2.42)
|
46.0
|
|
Newcastle 85+ study
|
29/109
|
63/308
|
1.27 (0.83 to 1.95)
|
48.1
|
|
TOOTH
|
3/33
|
3/63
|
1.45 (0.42 to 5.00)
|
5.9
|
|
Total (I2 = 0%)
| | |
1.40 (1.04 to 1.89)
|
100.0
|
|
Increase per Additional Abnormal Determinantc
|
|
Leiden 85-plus Study
|
41,37,18,2,0,0/98
|
139,91,30,2,0,0/263
|
1.35 (1.06 to 1.73)
|
44.0
|
|
Newcastle 85+ study
|
30,52,23,4,0,0/109
|
149,124,32,4, 0,0/309
|
1.58 (1.25 to 1.98)
|
50.3
|
|
TOOTH
|
23,9,1,0,0,0/33
|
50,14,0,0,0,0/64
|
1.28 (0.65 to 2.53)
|
5.7
|
|
Total (I2 = 0%)
| | |
1.46 (1.24 to 1.71)
|
100.0
|
|
≥2 Combination of Determinantsc
|
|
Leiden 85-plus Study
|
20/98
|
33/263
|
1.87 (1.12 to 3.12)
|
41.1
|
|
Newcastle 85+ study
|
27/109
|
36/309
|
2.02 (1.30 to 3.13)
|
56.3
|
|
TOOTH
|
1/33
|
0/64
|
1.98 (0.25 to 15.53)
|
2.6
|
|
Total (I2 = 0%)
| | |
1.95 (1.40 to 2.71)
|
100.0
|
- Abbreviations: HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, CRP C-reactive protein
- a Iron deficiency was defined as ferritin < 20 μg/L for men, < 15 μg/L for women; vitamin B12 deficiency was < 150 pmol/L; folate deficiency was serum folate level < 7 nmol/L (Leiden 85-plus Study and TOOTH) or < 340 nmol/L (Newcastle 85+ Study); low eGFR was < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, eGFR was calculated using MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) Study equation from the National Kidney Foundation; high CRP was > 5 mg/L
- b Results of fully adjusted model (model 3): adjusted for age, sex, institutionalisation, smoking and ≥ 2 multi-morbidity. Multi-morbidity was composed of stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), cancer and diabetes. It was stratified into 0 to 1 or 2 and above as a binary variable. Leiden 85-plus Study: sex, institutionalisation, smoking and ≥ 2 multi-morbidity [stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD) excluding stroke, cancer, diabetes]; Newcastle 85+ study: age, sex, institutionalisation, smoking, ≥2 multi-morbidity (CVA, combined cardiac disease excluding CVA, cancer, diabetes); TOOTH: age, sex, smoking, ≥2 multi-morbidity (stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), cancer, diabetes)
- c LiLACS NZ did not have follow-up data for hemoglobin; TOOTH: since not all determinants were collected at baseline, 3-year follow-up was defined as baseline, and 6-year follow-up as follow-up data. All three studies included five determinants: iron, vitamin B12, folate deficiency, low eGFR, and high CRP
- d Population with determinant within total anemic population during follow-up
- e Population with determinant within total non-anemic population during follow-up
- f A population size of zero led to an inestimable hazard ratio
