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Table 2 Association between alcohol use, medication use and frailty incidence in the multiple model

From: The association between medication or alcohol use and the incidence of frailty: a retrospective cohort study

Variable Frailty index – frail Frailty phenotype – pre-frail Frailty phenotype – frail
Incidence of frailty (FI) Adjusted ORa (95% CI) Incidence of pre-frailty (FP) Adjusted ORa (95% CI) Incidence of frailty (FP) Adjusted ORa (95% CI)
Age
 65–74 years 8.7% Reference 31.4% Reference 2.0% Reference
 75–84 years 18.0% 2.10 (1.87–2.36)** 41.6% 1.57 (1.40–1.76)** 4.8% 2.33 (1.71–3.17)**
  ≥ 85 years 30.4% 5.23 (4.25–6.45)** 51.9% 3.46 (2.50–4.78)** 16.0% 17.0 (10.1–28.7)**
Sex
 Male 10.9% Reference 32.1% Reference 3.0% Reference
 Female 13.7% 1.18 (1.05–1.33)* 37.0% 1.19 (1.08–1.32)** 3.1% 1.07 (0.79–1.45)
Alcohol use
 No alcohol use 18.8% Reference 40.9% Reference 4.7% Reference
 Non-hazardous 9.9% 0.68 (0.60–0.77)** 32.3% 0.86 (0.76–0.98)* 2.4% 0.66 (0.47–0.93)*
 Hazardous 10.0% 0.80 (0.68–0.93)* 32.9% 0.93 (0.80–1.08) 2.8% 0.88 (0.58–1.32)
Stroke
 No 11.9% Reference 34.3% Reference 3.0% Reference
 Yes 24.2% 2.10 (1.61–2.73)** 40.4% 1.22 (0.88–1.68) 5.9% 1.82 (0.89–3.74)
Cancer
 No 12.2% Reference 34.4% Reference 3.1% Reference
 Yes 13.0% 1.23 (0.96–1.57) 34,1% 1.01 (0.80–1.27) 2.6% 0.98 (0.49–1.97)
Parkinson’s disease
 No 12.2% Reference 34.4% Reference 3.0% Reference
 Yes 34.7% 4.29 (2.48–7.43)** 41.2% 1.80 (0.83–3.94) 17.6% 7.58 (2.47–23.2)**
Cataracts
 No 11.9% Reference 34.0% Reference 2.7% Reference
 Yes 15.2% 1.12 (0.95–1.33) 37.7% 1.13 (0.96–1.33) 6.2% 2.07 (1.43–3.01)**
Dementia
 No 12.1% Reference 34.4% Reference 3.0% Reference
 Yes 38.7% 3.97 (2.34–6.72)** 45.2% 1.45 (0.68–3.10) 3.2% 0.59 (0.07–5.16)
Med. for high blood pressure
 No 9.6% Reference 31.9% Reference 2.3% Reference
 Yes 15.2% 1.35 (1.21–1.51)** 37.3% 1.15 (1.04–1.28)* 3.8% 1.37 (1.02–1.84)*
Med. for coronary and other heart disease
 No 10.6% Reference 33.1% Reference 2.6% Reference
 Yes 20.1% 1.72 (1.52–1.96)** 41.4% 1.28 (1.12–1.47)** 5.3% 1.70 (1.20–2.41)*
Med. for high blood cholesterol
 No 11.5% Reference 33.9% Reference 3.1% Reference
 Yes 14.3% 1.08 (0.96–1.22) 35.6% 0.93 (0.83–1.05) 3.0% 0.68 (0.49–0.95)*
Med. for diabetes
 No 11.5% Reference 34.1% Reference 2.8% Reference
 Yes 18.6% 1.69 (1.46–1.96)** 37.1% 1.11 (0.95–1.30) 5.2% 1.62 (1.11–2.37)*
Med. for joint and other pain
 No 10.0% Reference 32.6% Reference 2.6% Reference
 Yes 22.8% 2.26 (2.00–2.54)** 45.9% 1.58 (1.38–1.82)** 6.0% 2.38 (1.70–3.34)**
Med. for anxiety, depression and sleep problems
 No 11.5% Reference 33.5% Reference 2.8% Reference
 Yes 20.9% 1.56 (1.33–1.84)** 47.4% 1.56 (1.28–1.89)** 6.3% 2.14 (1.37–3.36)*
Med. for osteoporosis
 No 11.9% Reference 34.0% Reference 3.0% Reference
 Yes 19.2% 1.56 (1.27–1.93)** 43.4% 1.38 (1.10–1.73)* 4.2% 1.34 (0.74–2.45)
Med. for stomach burns
 No 11.9% Reference 34.0% Reference 3.0% Reference
 Yes 16.5% 1.14 (0.94–1.37) 40.0% 1.11 (0.91–1.35) 3.4% 1.01 (0.58–1.74)
Med. for chronic bronchitis
 No 12.0% Reference 34.2% Reference 3.0% Reference
 Yes 25.1% 2.45 (1.87–3.22)** 47.1% 1.68 (1.17–2.42)* 6.4% 2.67 (1.20–5.95)*
Med. for inflammation
 No 12.1% Reference 34.2% Reference 3.0% Reference
 Yes 17.4% 1.54 (1.14–2.05)* 44.2% 1.32 (0.94–1.85) 4.9% 1.61 (0.70–3.66)
  1. Note. OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval
  2. aVariables used in the multivariate model: country of residence, BMI, highest educational level, smoking, and variables presented in the table. Omnibus test p < 0.001 (FI and FP models). Nagelkerke R square = 0.196 (frailty FI); Nagelkerke R square = 0.089 (pre-frailty FP); Nagelkerke R square = 0.223 (frailty FP). N = 14,665 for FI; N = 8133 for FP
  3. *p < 0.05
  4. **p < 0.001
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BMC Geriatrics

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